Crypto Wash Sale Rules 2026: New IRS Requirements Explained
✍️ Written by Davit Cho | Crypto Tax Specialist | CEO at JejuPanaTek (2012–Present)
π Patent Holder (Patent #10-1998821) | 7+ Years Crypto Investing Since 2017
π
Published: December 31, 2025 | Last Updated: December 31, 2025
π Sources: IRS Digital Assets | Gordon Law | Koinly
π§ Contact: davitchh@gmail.com | LinkedIn
The crypto tax loophole is officially closed. π« Starting January 1, 2025, the wash sale rule applies to all digital assets including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and every altcoin. This is the biggest change to crypto taxation in years, and most investors aren't prepared for it.
For years, crypto traders enjoyed a massive advantage over stock traders. You could sell Bitcoin at a loss, immediately buy it back, and still claim the tax deduction. Stock traders couldn't do this because of Section 1091 wash sale rules. But that advantage disappeared when the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act extended wash sale rules to digital assets.
I've seen traders lose thousands in expected tax deductions because they didn't understand the new 30-day window. This guide explains exactly how the wash sale rule works for crypto in 2026, what triggers it, how to avoid it legally, and strategies to maintain your tax-loss harvesting benefits. π‘
π Table of Contents
π« What Is the Wash Sale Rule?
The wash sale rule is an IRS regulation designed to prevent taxpayers from claiming artificial losses. Under Section 1091 of the Internal Revenue Code, you cannot deduct a loss on the sale of a security if you purchase a substantially identical security within 30 days before or after the sale. This creates a 61-day window where repurchasing triggers the rule. π
The original purpose was simple: stop people from gaming the tax system. Without this rule, you could sell stock at a loss on December 31st to get a tax deduction, then buy it back on January 1st at nearly the same price. You'd have the tax benefit without any real change in your investment position. The IRS saw this as abuse and created the wash sale rule to close the loophole.
For decades, this rule only applied to stocks, bonds, and other traditional securities. Cryptocurrency was not considered a security under Section 1091, which gave crypto traders a significant advantage. You could harvest losses freely without any waiting period. Many traders built entire strategies around this benefit.
The 30-day window works in both directions. If you sell Bitcoin at a loss on January 15th, you cannot have purchased Bitcoin between December 16th and February 14th if you want to claim that loss. This means you need to plan 30 days ahead and wait 30 days after any loss sale. The total restricted period is 61 days. ⏰
π« Wash Sale Rule Timeline
| Period | Days | Action | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before Sale | Day -30 to -1 | Buy same asset | Wash sale triggered |
| Sale Date | Day 0 | Sell at loss | Loss recorded |
| After Sale | Day 1 to 30 | Buy same asset | Wash sale triggered |
| Safe Zone | Day 31+ | Buy same asset | Loss allowed ✅ |
Understanding "substantially identical" is crucial. For stocks, this is relatively clear: shares of the same company are substantially identical. But for crypto, the guidance is less defined. Bitcoin is substantially identical to Bitcoin regardless of which exchange you purchased it on. The question becomes more complex with wrapped tokens, stablecoins, and similar assets.
The wash sale rule doesn't eliminate your loss permanently. Instead, the disallowed loss gets added to the cost basis of the replacement shares. This means you'll eventually get the tax benefit when you sell the replacement shares. But the timing of that benefit could be months or years later, affecting your current tax situation significantly. π°
Many investors confuse wash sales with tax fraud. A wash sale is not illegal or fraudulent. It simply means the loss is disallowed for the current tax year. The IRS expects you to track wash sales and report them correctly. Intentionally ignoring wash sale rules and claiming invalid losses, however, can lead to penalties and audits.
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π 2025-2026 Changes for Crypto
The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 changed everything for crypto traders. This legislation expanded the definition of "broker" to include cryptocurrency exchanges and extended wash sale rules to digital assets. The changes took effect on January 1, 2025, giving traders several years to prepare. That preparation period is now over. π️
Before 2025, cryptocurrency was classified as property but not as a security under Section 1091. This meant wash sale rules simply didn't apply. Crypto traders could sell Bitcoin at a $10,000 loss, immediately repurchase it, and still deduct the full $10,000 on their tax return. Stock traders looked on with envy at this massive advantage.
The change affects all digital assets, not just Bitcoin and Ethereum. Altcoins, stablecoins, wrapped tokens, NFTs, and any other blockchain-based assets fall under the new rules. If you trade any form of cryptocurrency, you need to understand and comply with wash sale requirements starting in 2025 and continuing through 2026 and beyond.
Another major change is Form 1099-DA, which crypto exchanges must issue starting in 2026. This form reports your digital asset transactions directly to the IRS, similar to Form 1099-B for stocks. Exchanges will track your transactions and may even flag potential wash sales. The era of unreported crypto trading is definitively over. π
π Timeline of Crypto Tax Rule Changes
| Year | Change | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| 2014 | IRS Notice 2014-21 | Crypto classified as property |
| 2021 | Infrastructure Act passed | Wash sale rules extended to crypto |
| 2025 | Wash sale rules effective | 30-day rule applies to all crypto |
| 2026 | Form 1099-DA required | Exchanges report to IRS directly |
The IRS has not yet issued comprehensive guidance on what constitutes "substantially identical" for cryptocurrency. This creates uncertainty for traders trying to comply. Is Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) substantially identical to Bitcoin (BTC)? What about Bitcoin on different blockchains like Lightning Network? These questions remain unanswered, creating compliance challenges.
Most tax professionals recommend treating any token that tracks the same underlying asset as substantially identical. Bitcoin is Bitcoin whether you buy it on Coinbase, Kraken, or Binance. WBTC likely triggers wash sale if you sell BTC at a loss. Ethereum and Lido Staked ETH (stETH) probably count as substantially identical. When in doubt, wait 31 days. π
One area of opportunity: different cryptocurrencies are not substantially identical to each other. Bitcoin and Ethereum are different assets. You can sell Bitcoin at a loss and immediately buy Ethereum without triggering wash sale. This allows continued market exposure while harvesting losses, though it changes your portfolio composition.
The transition from 2024 to 2025 created special considerations. Losses harvested in December 2024 under the old rules were still valid. But any repurchases in January 2025 within the 30-day window could retroactively disallow those losses under the new rules. Traders needed careful planning around the transition date.
⚠️ What Triggers a Wash Sale
Understanding exactly what triggers a wash sale is essential for compliance. The basic trigger is simple: selling crypto at a loss and acquiring substantially identical crypto within the 61-day window. But the details matter, and several scenarios that traders don't consider can unexpectedly trigger wash sales. ⚠️
Direct repurchase is the obvious trigger. You sell 1 BTC at a $5,000 loss on March 1st. You buy 1 BTC on March 15th. The 30-day window hasn't passed, so your $5,000 loss is disallowed. This scenario is straightforward and easy to avoid with proper planning.
Cross-exchange purchases trigger wash sales too. Selling Bitcoin on Coinbase at a loss and buying Bitcoin on Kraken within 30 days still counts. The IRS looks at the asset, not the platform. Many traders mistakenly believe using different exchanges creates separation. It doesn't. The asset is what matters.
Automatic purchases can accidentally trigger wash sales. If you have recurring Bitcoin purchases set up (dollar-cost averaging), those scheduled buys could fall within your 30-day window after a loss sale. Before harvesting losses, check all your automated purchase schedules across every exchange and wallet. π
⚠️ Common Wash Sale Triggers
| Scenario | Wash Sale? | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Sell BTC, buy BTC in 15 days | Yes ❌ | Same asset within window |
| Sell BTC, buy ETH same day | No ✅ | Different assets |
| Sell BTC, buy WBTC in 10 days | Likely Yes ❌ | Tracks same asset |
| Sell BTC Coinbase, buy BTC Kraken | Yes ❌ | Same asset different exchange |
| Sell BTC, auto-buy scheduled | Yes ❌ | Automatic still counts |
| Sell BTC, wait 35 days, buy BTC | No ✅ | Outside 30-day window |
Spouse and related party purchases can trigger wash sales under traditional securities rules. If you sell Bitcoin at a loss and your spouse buys Bitcoin within 30 days, the IRS may treat this as a wash sale. The same applies to entities you control, like an LLC or corporation. This attribution rule prevents easy workarounds through related parties. π«
IRA and retirement account purchases also count. Selling Bitcoin in your taxable account at a loss and buying Bitcoin in your IRA within 30 days triggers wash sale. Worse, losses from IRA wash sales may be permanently disallowed rather than just deferred. Be extremely careful coordinating trades across account types.
Options and derivatives create complex wash sale situations. If you write a put option that gets exercised, causing you to acquire crypto within 30 days of a loss sale, that could trigger wash sale. Similarly, entering into contracts that obligate future delivery might count. The rules around derivatives are still evolving for crypto.
Staking rewards received within the 30-day window probably don't trigger wash sales. Receiving new tokens through staking is income, not a purchase. However, the IRS hasn't provided explicit guidance. If you're concerned, consider unstaking before harvesting losses to avoid any ambiguity about newly received tokens.
π Confused About Your Tax Situation?
A crypto tax specialist can review your trades and ensure compliance with wash sale rules.
Consult Gordon Law →
πΈ Consequences of Wash Sales
When a wash sale occurs, the immediate consequence is loss disallowance. You cannot deduct the loss in the current tax year. If you were counting on that deduction to offset gains, your tax bill just got bigger. This can be a significant financial impact, especially for traders with large positions. πΈ
The good news is the loss isn't gone forever. The disallowed loss gets added to your cost basis in the replacement shares. Let's say you bought Bitcoin for $50,000, sold it for $40,000 (a $10,000 loss), and repurchased at $41,000 within the wash sale window. Your new cost basis is $41,000 + $10,000 = $51,000.
This basis adjustment means you'll eventually recognize the loss when you sell the replacement shares. But the timing matters enormously. If you needed that $10,000 deduction this year to offset a large gain, deferring it to next year (or later) doesn't help your current situation. Timing of tax benefits has real financial value. ⏳
Holding period resets in wash sale situations. If your original shares would have qualified for long-term capital gains treatment, that progress is lost. The holding period of the replacement shares includes the holding period of the original shares, but this only matters if you were close to the one-year threshold.
πΈ Wash Sale Cost Basis Adjustment Example
| Step | Transaction | Amount |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Original purchase | $50,000 |
| 2 | Sale price | $40,000 |
| 3 | Loss (disallowed) | $10,000 |
| 4 | Repurchase price | $41,000 |
| 5 | New cost basis | $51,000 |
Multiple wash sales can create cascading basis adjustments. If you sell and repurchase repeatedly within the 30-day window, each transaction can trigger wash sale rules. The basis adjustments compound, making tracking extremely complex. Without proper software, calculating your actual cost basis becomes nearly impossible.
Failing to report wash sales correctly can trigger IRS scrutiny. With Form 1099-DA coming in 2026, exchanges will report your transactions. If the IRS sees you claimed a loss that should have been disallowed as a wash sale, you could face accuracy penalties of 20% plus interest. The risk isn't worth it. π¨
For day traders with hundreds or thousands of trades, wash sales can become overwhelming. Frequent trading almost guarantees multiple wash sale events. The administrative burden of tracking them all manually is enormous. This is why professional crypto tax software has become essential for serious traders.
One strategy some traders consider: intentionally triggering wash sales to defer gains. If you have gains you want to recognize next year instead of this year, the basis adjustment mechanism could theoretically help. However, this is complex tax planning that requires professional guidance. Don't attempt it without expert help.
✅ How to Avoid Wash Sales Legally
Avoiding wash sales while still benefiting from tax-loss harvesting requires strategic planning. The rules are clear, but they leave room for legitimate tax optimization. These strategies can help you maintain tax efficiency without triggering wash sale disallowances. ✅
Strategy #1: Wait 31 days before repurchasing. This is the simplest and most bulletproof approach. Sell your crypto at a loss and wait 31 full days before buying it back. Your loss is fully deductible, and you can then rebuild your position. The downside is 31 days of market exposure risk if prices rise during your waiting period.
Strategy #2: Switch to a correlated but different asset. Sell Bitcoin at a loss and immediately buy Ethereum. These are different assets, so no wash sale occurs. You maintain crypto market exposure while harvesting the loss. The risk is that different assets don't move identically. BTC might drop while ETH rises, or vice versa. π
Strategy #3: Use index-like products or baskets. Instead of repurchasing Bitcoin, buy a diversified crypto index that includes Bitcoin but isn't substantially identical. This maintains broad market exposure. However, the IRS hasn't specifically addressed whether index products containing the sold asset trigger wash sales. Conservative approach: wait 31 days.
✅ Wash Sale Avoidance Strategies
| Strategy | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Wait 31 days | 100% compliant | Market risk during wait |
| Switch to different crypto | Immediate exposure | Different asset behavior |
| Section 475 election | Wash sale exempt | Must qualify as trader |
| Double up method | Maintains position | Requires extra capital |
Strategy #4: The "double up" method. Buy additional crypto before selling your losing position. Hold both for 31 days, then sell the original lot at a loss. Since you already owned the replacement shares before the sale, no wash sale occurs. This requires additional capital to double your position temporarily. π°
Strategy #5: Section 475 mark-to-market election. Qualified traders who elect Section 475 treatment are exempt from wash sale rules entirely. Your trades are treated as ordinary income rather than capital transactions, so Section 1091 doesn't apply. This is the nuclear option but requires meeting strict trader status criteria.
Strategy #6: Plan your loss harvesting calendar. Schedule tax-loss harvesting at specific times during the year and build 31-day waiting periods into your plan. December tax-loss harvesting means waiting until February to repurchase. Planning ahead avoids impulsive wash sales. π
Strategy #7: Cancel automatic purchases. Before harvesting any losses, disable all recurring buy orders across all exchanges. One forgotten automatic purchase can trigger an unintended wash sale. After your 31-day waiting period, you can re-enable the automatic buys.
Strategy #8: Coordinate with spouse. If you're married, discuss tax-loss harvesting plans with your spouse. Their purchases could trigger wash sales for your losses. Coordinate trading activity to avoid inadvertent violations through spouse attribution rules.
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π Tracking Wash Sales with Software
Manual wash sale tracking is virtually impossible for active traders. With trades across multiple exchanges, different time zones, and complex basis calculations, spreadsheets simply can't keep up. Crypto tax software has become essential for compliance in 2026. The cost is minimal compared to the risk of errors. π
Koinly is one of the most popular options for wash sale tracking. It automatically identifies wash sale events across all connected exchanges. The software calculates basis adjustments and generates IRS-compliant reports. Pricing starts at $49 per year for up to 100 transactions, with higher tiers for active traders.
CoinTracker offers similar functionality with a clean interface. It connects to over 300 exchanges and wallets. The wash sale tracking feature flags potential issues before you file. CoinTracker also offers tax-loss harvesting alerts to help you optimize throughout the year rather than just at tax time. π
TaxBit is backed by major investors and partners with several exchanges directly. If your exchange uses TaxBit, you may get free access to the software. The platform handles complex scenarios including DeFi, NFTs, and cross-chain transactions. Enterprise-grade reliability makes it popular with high-volume traders.
π Crypto Tax Software Comparison
| Software | Starting Price | Wash Sale Tracking | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| Koinly | $49/year | Yes ✅ | Most traders |
| CoinTracker | $59/year | Yes ✅ | Portfolio tracking |
| TaxBit | Free-$175 | Yes ✅ | Exchange partners |
| CryptoTaxCalculator | $49/year | Yes ✅ | DeFi users |
| TokenTax | $65/year | Yes ✅ | Full service |
All major crypto tax software platforms updated their systems for the 2025 wash sale rule changes. They now flag transactions that occur within the 30-day window and automatically calculate basis adjustments. The software generates Form 8949 and Schedule D with wash sale adjustments properly reported.
When choosing software, consider your trading volume and complexity. Casual investors with under 100 trades per year can use basic tiers. Active traders with thousands of transactions need unlimited plans. DeFi users should ensure the software supports the protocols they use. Most platforms offer free trials. π
Integration matters. The best software connects directly to your exchanges via API. Manual CSV uploads work but introduce error risk. Direct API connections automatically import new transactions. Some platforms even support real-time syncing, so your tax picture stays current throughout the year.
Don't wait until tax season. Connect your exchanges now and let the software track throughout the year. This enables proactive tax planning, including identifying wash sale risks before they happen. Year-round tracking also catches any missing transactions early when exchange records are still available.
π Related Guides
❓ FAQ
Q1. Does the wash sale rule apply to crypto in 2026?
A1. Yes. Starting January 1, 2025, Section 1091 wash sale rules apply to all digital assets including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and all altcoins. If you sell crypto at a loss and repurchase substantially identical crypto within 30 days before or after, the loss is disallowed.
Q2. What is the 30-day wash sale window?
A2. The wash sale window extends 30 days before and 30 days after a loss sale, creating a 61-day total period. Any purchase of substantially identical crypto within this window triggers the wash sale rule and disallows your loss deduction.
Q3. What happens to a disallowed wash sale loss?
A3. The disallowed loss is added to the cost basis of your replacement shares. This defers the tax benefit to when you eventually sell the replacement shares. The loss isn't gone permanently, but the timing of the deduction is delayed.
Q4. Is selling Bitcoin and buying Ethereum a wash sale?
A4. No. Bitcoin and Ethereum are different assets, not substantially identical. You can sell Bitcoin at a loss and immediately buy Ethereum without triggering wash sale rules. This is a common strategy to maintain market exposure while harvesting losses.
Q5. Is Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) substantially identical to Bitcoin?
A5. Likely yes, though the IRS hasn't issued specific guidance. WBTC tracks Bitcoin's value 1:1 and represents Bitcoin on Ethereum. Most tax professionals recommend treating WBTC and BTC as substantially identical to avoid compliance risk.
Q6. Does buying on a different exchange avoid wash sales?
A6. No. The IRS looks at the asset, not the exchange. Selling Bitcoin on Coinbase and buying Bitcoin on Kraken within 30 days still triggers a wash sale. Bitcoin is substantially identical to Bitcoin regardless of where you buy it.
Q7. Do automatic recurring purchases trigger wash sales?
A7. Yes. Automatic purchases count the same as manual purchases. If you have recurring Bitcoin buys and sell Bitcoin at a loss, any scheduled buy within the 30-day window triggers wash sale. Disable automatic purchases before tax-loss harvesting.
Q8. Can my spouse's purchase trigger my wash sale?
A8. Under traditional securities rules, yes. Spousal attribution rules mean your spouse's purchase of the same crypto within 30 days of your loss sale can trigger wash sale. Coordinate trading activity with your spouse to avoid this issue.
Q9. Do wash sale rules apply to IRA accounts?
A9. Yes, and the consequences can be worse. Selling crypto at a loss in a taxable account and buying in an IRA within 30 days triggers wash sale. Worse, the loss may be permanently disallowed rather than added to basis, since IRA gains aren't taxable.
Q10. How do I avoid wash sales legally?
A10. Wait 31 days before repurchasing the same crypto. Alternatively, switch to a different but correlated asset like selling Bitcoin and buying Ethereum. Qualified traders can also elect Section 475 mark-to-market, which exempts them from wash sale rules entirely.
Q11. What is Section 475 and how does it help?
A11. Section 475 mark-to-market election converts your trading gains and losses to ordinary income. Since it's no longer capital gains treatment, Section 1091 wash sale rules don't apply. You can sell and repurchase immediately. Must qualify as a trader and elect by April 15.
Q12. What is the "double up" method?
A12. Buy additional shares before selling your losing position. Hold both for 31 days, then sell the original lot at a loss. Since you owned the replacement shares before the sale, no wash sale occurs. Requires extra capital to double your position temporarily.
Q13. Do staking rewards trigger wash sales?
A13. Probably not. Staking rewards are income, not purchases. Receiving rewards within 30 days of a loss sale likely doesn't trigger wash sale. However, the IRS hasn't issued explicit guidance. Consider unstaking before harvesting losses to avoid ambiguity.
Q14. What software tracks wash sales for crypto?
A14. Koinly, CoinTracker, TaxBit, CryptoTaxCalculator, and TokenTax all track wash sales automatically. They identify transactions within the 30-day window, calculate basis adjustments, and generate compliant tax forms. Prices range from free to $175/year.
Q15. Is a wash sale illegal?
A15. No. A wash sale is not illegal or fraudulent. It simply means the loss deduction is disallowed for the current year and added to basis instead. What is illegal is intentionally not reporting wash sales and claiming invalid losses. Always report accurately.
Q16. When did wash sale rules start applying to crypto?
A16. January 1, 2025. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 extended wash sale rules to digital assets, with the effective date set for 2025. All crypto transactions from 2025 onward must comply with Section 1091 wash sale requirements.
Q17. What is Form 1099-DA?
A17. Form 1099-DA is the new digital asset reporting form required starting in 2026. Crypto exchanges must report your transactions directly to the IRS, similar to Form 1099-B for stocks. This makes unreported trading virtually impossible.
Q18. Can I still do tax-loss harvesting with crypto?
A18. Yes, but you must follow wash sale rules. Either wait 31 days before repurchasing the same crypto, or switch to a different asset during the waiting period. Tax-loss harvesting remains a valuable strategy, it just requires more planning now.
Q19. How is cost basis adjusted for wash sales?
A19. The disallowed loss is added to the cost basis of replacement shares. Example: Buy at $50K, sell at $40K ($10K loss), repurchase at $41K. New basis = $41K + $10K = $51K. You'll recognize the loss when you eventually sell the replacement shares.
Q20. What if I accidentally trigger a wash sale?
A20. Report it correctly on your tax return. The loss is disallowed but added to basis. Use Form 8949 with code "W" to indicate wash sale adjustment. Crypto tax software calculates this automatically. Don't try to hide it; the IRS has your exchange data.
Q21. Do NFTs fall under wash sale rules?
A21. Yes, the law covers all digital assets including NFTs. However, unique NFTs may not be "substantially identical" to each other. If you sell one NFT at a loss and buy a different NFT, it likely isn't a wash sale. Same NFT repurchased would be.
Q22. Can I avoid wash sales by using different wallets?
A22. No. The IRS looks at the asset, not where it's stored. Selling Bitcoin from a Ledger wallet and buying Bitcoin to a MetaMask wallet within 30 days still triggers wash sale. The wallet or exchange doesn't create separation.
Q23. Does the 30-day window include weekends and holidays?
A23. Yes. The 30-day window includes all calendar days, not just business days. If you sell on January 1st, the 30-day window extends through January 31st regardless of weekends or holidays. Wait until day 31 to be safe.
Q24. What about airdrops received within the wash sale window?
A24. Airdrops are income, not purchases. Receiving an airdrop of the same crypto within 30 days of a loss sale probably doesn't trigger wash sale. But if you actively claim an airdrop (requiring action), it's less clear. Conservative approach: wait 31 days.
Q25. Can I harvest losses in December and buy back in January?
A25. Yes, if you wait 31 days. Selling December 1st means waiting until January 1st to repurchase. Selling December 15th means waiting until January 15th. The year boundary doesn't matter; only the 30-day window matters.
Q26. Do futures or options on crypto trigger wash sales?
A26. Potentially yes. Under traditional securities rules, options and derivatives can trigger wash sales if they're substantially identical to the underlying. Buying Bitcoin futures or options after selling BTC at a loss could be wash sale. Guidance is still evolving.
Q27. How do I report wash sales on my tax return?
A27. Report on Form 8949 with code "W" in column (f) for wash sale adjustment. Column (g) shows the disallowed loss amount. The adjusted gain/loss in column (h) reflects the wash sale. Schedule D summarizes all transactions including wash sales.
Q28. What penalties exist for not reporting wash sales?
A28. Claiming a loss that should be disallowed as wash sale can trigger accuracy penalties of 20% plus interest. With Form 1099-DA reporting in 2026, the IRS will have your transaction data. Intentional failure to report could be treated as fraud.
Q29. Can I carry forward disallowed wash sale losses?
A29. The loss isn't carried forward separately; it's added to the basis of replacement shares. When you sell those shares (outside a new wash sale window), you'll recognize the built-up loss then. It's deferral, not permanent loss of the deduction.
Q30. Should I hire a professional for wash sale tracking?
A30. For active traders with hundreds of transactions, professional help is recommended. A crypto tax CPA typically costs $500-$2,000 annually but can save thousands through proper planning and compliance. At minimum, use dedicated crypto tax software.
⚠️ Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice. Tax laws change frequently and vary by jurisdiction. Consult a qualified tax professional before making decisions based on this information. The author and publisher are not responsible for any actions taken based on this content.
